Ukuhlukahluka Kolimi eNdiya
I-India iyizwe elinezinhlobonhlobo, kuzo zonke izici zegama elithi heterogeneous. Izwe liyinhlanganisela ethakazelisayo yomlando, amasiko, izinkolo nezilimi ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nezidingo zabomdabu, izwe lavela kakhulu livula indlela yezilimi eziyisisekelo. Cishe, zingu-19, 500 izilimi (zezizwe nezingezona ezezizwe) ezikhulunywa kuleli zwe. Okuphuma kuzo, ezithile ezivelele izilimi zaseNdiya zizwakala kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kanye nemvelaphi engacacile yabantu bomdabu banamuhla, alukho ulimi lwezwe olushiwo ezweni. I-India ibungaza ulimi abantu bomdabu abakhetha ukukhuluma ngalo. Nokho, ukubalwa kwabantu kwango-2011 kuphakamisa ukuthi izilimi ziyathanda Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Telegu, Gujarati, Urdu, Kannada, Odia and Malayalam zaqashelwa njengezilimi ezikhulunywa kakhulu ezweni. Ake sixoxe futhi sazi ngomsuka wezilimi ezimbalwa zalezi zilimi.
Marathi
IsiMarathi siphinde sibe ngolunye ulimi olususelwa olimini lwesi-Indo-Aryan, olukhulunywa kakhulu abomdabu besifunda saseMaharashtra eNdiya. Izingxenye zeGoa nazo zikhetha ukuxoxa ngesiMarathi. Phakathi kwezikhulumi zanamuhla zesiMarathi, kukhona izilimi zesigodi ezimbili eziyinhloko ezihunyushwe abaningi: ulimi lwesigodi lwesi-Varhadi kanye nolimi lwesigodi olujwayelekile lwesiMarathi. Izilimi ezincane zolimi zihlanganisa Malvani Kolkani, Agri, Agirani and Koli, ekhulunywa ezifundeni zaseKhandesh. Ulimi lwamukela futhi lusebenze ngobulili obunezindlela ezintathu, okukhomba ngokuhlukile ukubandakanywa nokungakhethwanga kwegama elithi 'thina'. Izilimi eziningi ezandulele e-India ezivela eqenjini le-Indo-Aryan zizalwa ngolimi lwesiPrakrit, kuhlanganise nesiMarathi. UMarathi wehla njengoMaharashtri Prakrit. Ngokuqhubekayo emugqeni wesikhathi womlando wamaNdiya, ulimi luzihlukanisa ngokuphelele nolimi olujwayelekile olujwayelekile olukhonyayo eNdiya.
Gujarati
Njengezinye izilimi ezivelele, ulimi lwesiGujarati nalo luyinzalo yomndeni wama-Indo-Aryan. Ulimi lukhulunywa kakhulu ngabantu baseGujarat eNdiya futhi kukholakala ukuthi wulimi olusemthethweni lwezwe. Kubuye kubhekwe njengolimi olusemthethweni lwesiDadar nesiNagar Haveli. Ulimi lwakha ingxenye ebalulekile yolimi lwesi-Indo European futhi lutholakala lukhulunywa emazweni angaphandle kwe-India njengePakistan kanye nezingxenye zaseNingizimu Asia. Lolu limi luthathwa njengoluneminyaka engama-700 futhi lukhulunywa ngabo njengamanje Abantu abayizigidi ezingama-55 emhlabeni wonke, okubandakanya izingxenye ze-USA, EKenya, Tanzania kanye nezingxenye zaseNingizimu Afrika. Njengamanye amasistimu okubhala umbhalo we-Devanagari ahlukahlukene, iskripthi sesiGujarati siwela ngaphansi kwe-Abugida. Izilimi eziseduze nesiGujarati noma umsindo ofana nesiGujarati Parkari Koli and Kutchi (igama lithathwe ku-Rann of Kutch ngesi-Gujarat). Lezi zilimi zingabhalwa ngesiPheresiya noma ngesi-Arabhu.
Hindi
I-Hindi kukholakala ukuthi yavela kumsuka wayo wama-Indo-Aryan, iphuma esiqwini sayo sase-Indo-Iranian. Ulimi lwase-Indo-Iranian luyingxenye enkulu yengxenye ye-Indo-European, eyakhiwe ngenxa yokuhlasela nokuhlaliswa kwabantu okwenzeke eNdiya kuwo wonke umlando. Kukholakala ukuthi lolu limi lukhulunywa abantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezingu-425 eNdiya futhi cishe abayizigidi ezingu-120 bakhetha ukuba lube ulimi lwabo lwesibili.
Uhlelo lolimi, imishwana, ulimi lwesigodi kanye nenkulumo ebhaliwe yesi-Hindi ngokuvamile iwumfanekiso wesi-Sanskrit, umama wezilimi eziningi zanamuhla eNdiya. Umbhalo we-Devanagari uhlinzekele ukunothiswa kwangempela kwesi-Hindi nezinye izilimi ezintsha ngokuqhathaniswa. Isi-Hindi yisigaba saso esingajwayelekile esaziwa ngokuthi 'Khari Boli', ulimi olwakhiwe ngenxa yokuhlasela okuphindelelayo yi-Afghanistan, izingxenye ze-Asia Ephakathi, i-Iran neTurkey. Ukuxutshwa njalo kwezinhlanga, amasiko nezinkolo kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Khari Boli kuya kusi-Hindi.
Bengali
Ngokufana nolimi lwesiHindi, IsiBengali siphinde sibe segatsha lezilimi ze-Indo-Aryan kanti nakuba isiBengali sikhulunywa kakhulu esifundazweni saseNtshonalanga Bengal eNdiya, siwulimi olusemthethweni lwezwe iBangladesh. Ulimi lwesiBengali lwesimanje lubhekwa njengolimi olubolekwayo noma ulimi oluhlukaniswe ngamagatsha esiMagadhi, isiPali, isiTatsamas kanye nokubolekwa kwamagama nemishwana kusi-Sanskrit. IsiMagadhi nesiPali zisakhulunywa ezingxenyeni zase-Bihar naseJharkhand. Uma kubhekwa umlando wokuhlasela kweNdiya, imali ebolekiwe iphinde idlulele ezilimini zesiPheresiya nesi-Arabhu futhi olunye uhlobo lwayo lubuye lubolekwe ngezilimi zase-Austroasian. Iqiniso elijabulisayo ukwaziwa nge-Bengali ukuthi ayinakho ukucaciswa kobulili enkulumweni yayo yangempela/yezwi. Yinye kuphela indlela yokukhuluma nobulili besilisa, abesifazane kanye nobunye ubulili obungakhethi kanambambili.
Hlola kumele ubone izindawo zabavakashi eNdiya esifundazweni saseKarnataka.
I-Telegu
I-Telugu izalwa ngolimi lwesi-Dravidian, ikakhulukazi ekhulunywa engxenyeni eseNingizimu-mpumalanga yeNdiya cishe ngama-80.3 izigidi zezikhulumi zomdabu njengoba zihlonzwe ngesikhathi kubalwa abantu ngo-2011. Kukholakala nokuthi lolu limi lukhulunywa namaqembu amancane eNingizimu Afrika futhi kubonakale ukuthi lukhula ngokushesha nase-USA. Imibhalo ye-Prakrit esukela ku-400 BCE kanye ne-100 BCE itholwe inemisho/isilulumagama sesi-Telugu esibhalwe kuyo. Kanye nemibhalo ye-Telegu kwatholakala imibhalo yesiTamil futhi; ulimi oluseduze neTelegu. Elinye lamagama agqamile aphuma kuTelegu kwakuyigama elithi 'Nagabu', etholwe emibhalweni yeSanskrit kusukela ku-1st ekhulwini leminyaka BCE.
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